Theories of Attachments

Theories of adherence 1) loo come theories psychodynamic/behaviourists 2) The ethological lift 3) Bowlbys evolutionary opening 4) Social encyclopaedism theory Studying attachments and their loss can help us understand how early relationship experiences can affect later development What is attachment? An intense activated relationship that is particular(prenominal) to two peck that endure over time.Prolonged separation brings stress and sorrow 1, cupboard love theory psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud developed a theory of individualality, to explain how each persons personality develops he proposed that attachment grew out of the feeding relationship Key The psychodynamic approach analyses the psyche (your mind) i. e. it breaks exhaust into constituent parts such as the id/ego/superego Psychoanalysts (like Freud) desire thatAll babies argon born with an natural drive to seek pleasure Freud called this the pleasure article of faith Freud said thither is a particular o rganize of the personality that is motivated by this principle the id The id is the primitive part of our personality, which demands immediate satisfaction all people pass through and through psychosexual stages. First stage of psychosexual development is oral exam, thus babies demand oral satisfaction The mother is the start-off love object because she feeds the child and so an attachment is formed. Freud saw this the first relationship as the foundation the foundation of all others.Infants attach to their caregivers (usually the mother) because of the caregivers ability to satisfy its instinctual needs. Quality of attachment and future relationships Healthy attachments are formed when the feeder practices to satisfy the infants needs, unhealthy attachments are formed when infants are deprived or over indulged. If the childs first relationship is loving, the child develops the ability to love, if not, self-aggrandizing relationships will be unsatisfactory Consequences If an infa nt is deprived at an oral stage, she/he will deform fixated at this stage.Consequently, psychoanalysts stress the value of feeding, especially breast feeding. *research evidence does not supports this theory because the person who provides food does not always become the primary quill attachment object, evidence against this theory is the same for the culture theory. Learning theory Behaviourists believe that Infants attach to those who satisfy their psychological/physical needs Learning theorists/behaviourists believe all behaviour is acquired through conditioning 1)classical conditioning 2)operant conditioning Or through imitation 3)social learning theoryBehaviourism Classical operant 1) Classical conditioning Food (unconditioned stimulus) produces pleasure (unconditioned reaction) So becomes associated with the person doing the feeding, who then becomes (conditioned stimulus) who instanter also produces pleasure even when no food. Babies associate caregivers with gratificati on, and learn to approach caregivers to have their needs met, they purport secure whenever caregiver is present Attachment works both ways Mothers get Positively fortify -by the baby smiling and developingNegatively reinforced -by the cessation of crying 2) Operant conditioning Dollard and miller (1950) adopted this principle To incorporate the concept of the mental states, a hungry baby feels uncomfortable creating a drive to narrow to comfort, when a baby is fed the drive is reduced, providing a sense of pleasure ( a reward) Food becomes the primary reinforce because it reinforces behaviour to avoid discomfort so becomes the secondary reinforce (conditioned) Social learning theory Babies learn by imitation, modelling a direct reinforcement.Hay and vespo believe parents deliberately teach their children to love them, by modelling affection parents also teach children in an explicity way to show affection * We learn through association and reinforcement but food may not be the ma in reinforce evoke Harlow challenges behaviourists and psychoanalytic cupboard love theory -study of the rhesus monkey -study of Scottish infants The ethological approach -ethology is the study of fauna behaviour, in its natural environment Ethos=habit, manner Ethnologists introduced the concept of attachment ImprintingSome animals such as sheep, geese for rapid attachments genuinely soon after birth they attach to any moving individual present and follow them ,as if they were their mother. Lorenz (1935) called this act upon *made geese follow him* Imprinting has -short term consequences safety -long term consequences reproduction Definition of imprinting The aim of non-humans to form a strong bond with the first moving object they see typical in precocial (new-born can move around) species like lambs, foals Imprinting doesnt kick the bucket because the caregiver feeds the new-born, e. . goslings which contradicts the cupboard love theory Imprinting is a fixed action pattern (fad) i. e. a behaviour that descends in response to a species specific stimulus, once imprinting has drawred, it is irreversible Critical period Imprinting must occur within a critical period, if biological characteristics dont develop at a specific time, then they never will research shows that the critical period can be extended by changing environment Sensitive period Some ethnologists say instead of a critical period, there is a sensitive period i. . a time when learning is most likely to happen, will occur most easily but learning can still occur at other multiplication *imprinting in humans* Imprinting research mostly with animals Humans Klaus and kennels skin to skin scheme (1976) There is a sensitive period immediately after birth when bonding can occur through skin-to skin conform to, a year later these mothers and babies had stronger attachments But Goldberg (1983) found that the effects of early contact are small and short-lived