3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance Coursework - 2

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance - Coursework Example In the United States, which supposedly has a better set of laws than states such as Colombia or Iran, there still are reprehensible violations and deviant behaviour. For example, Abu Ghraib, a former Iraqi prison, became a stellar example of the US military’s capacity for elite deviance. . There had been blatant violations of the rights of the prisoners as the photographs that leaked out of Abu Ghraib confirm. The report filed by Major General Taguba on his inspection of the institution was a graphic representation of how the prison was run (Hersh, 2004). The pictures which started the whole controversy were proof enough of the culpability of the participants. A justification given is that â€Å"it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish insurgents from citizens within the population† (Lane: 2009, 3), however it still cannot justify the level of atrocities. To the extent that US support for such regimes is based on arms rather than development, U.S. policy becomes a factor in exacerbating these wretched conditions. By 1993, yearly U.S. weapons sales to foreign nations had reached $33billion. In 1983, the United States was the primary supplier to at least twenty of the world’s nations engaged in war at that time. Also, it would appear that elite deviance in the United States is motivated by money, whilst elite deviance elsewhere, or global elite deviance can be motivated by other things, such as religion or nationalism. There are impacts on the well-being of a person who have unjustified stigmatization and these impacts are deep and profound. For example, the stigma against obese women. According to Thio, et. al., â€Å"the obese typically accept the denigration thin society dishes out to them because they feel for the most part that they deserve it. And they do not defend other fat people who are being criticized because they are a mirror of themselves; they mirror

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example for Free

The Shawshank Redemption Essay The following paper will focus on the ethical issues that occurred in the 1994 film Shawshenk Redemption directed by Frank Darabont. Focus will be made on specific scenes that represent clear ethical violations of not only the criminal justice system, but as well as the corrections system here in America during the 1940’s through the 1960’s. Several ethical issues involving Andy Dufrense, the main character, arise involving him, his friends (other inmates), the guards, and the warden. Ethical principals of concern and importance identified and portrayed in the film are as follows: financial loop holes for guards, creating false accounts, slave labor, abuse of power, and money laundering, and murder. Shawshenk Redemption focuses around Andy Dufresne, a banker wrongfully convicted of two murders; his wife and her lover in 1947. Andy is sentenced to two consecutive life sentences at Shawshenk Prison, in Maine. Once at the prison Andy becomes best friends with another inmate named Red. Red has been in prison for a long time and is repeatedly denied parole again and again. Chief Guard Bradley is another important character. He is the head guard at the prison who evokes fear in the inmates and frankly treats the inmates like animals. Ultimately the most important character when it comes to the topics of ethics is the Warden at Shawshenk Prison, Samuel Norton. When Andy fist meets the Warden, he tells Andy there are two principals in the prison, the bible and the Warden. â€Å"I believe in two things; discipline and the Bible. Here you’ll receive both. Put your trust in the Lord. Your ass belongs to me. Welcome to Shawshank† (Warden Samuel Norton). Andy was an accountant before he was falsely convicted and he was able to get respect from the guards and the warden because he was able to give financial advice. The power that he gained by giving financial advice he used for good, not evil. Andy was able to obtain library books for the inmates’ and build on the prisons library. Andy was an honest, decent man that tried to make life bearable in prison. Andy states in the movie, â€Å"On the outside, I was an honest man, straight as an arrow. I had to come to prison to become a crook†. Andy was violently beaten and sodomized several times by a group of men in the prison called, The Sisters, before the Chief Guard Bradley and Warden Norton found out about his financial background and frankly the â€Å"worth† of Andy. Once they were aware of his financial background and how it could benefit them, Chief Guard violently attacked the leader of The Sisters and demanded they never bother Andy again. Andy had protection, and once Andy realized this, he then began to use his power for documenting false reports for Warden Norton. Of course, Warden Norton was unaware that Andy was keeping a second set of books. Andy was in fact laundering money into an account only he had access too. Yes, Andy used his power to help the inmates build up their prison library by getting books. He assisted a young inmate in getting his GED. Andy also uses the Wardens financial schemes to build a case to bring him and the entire corrupt prison down. To me, the money laundering is payback for the years he falsely sat in prison. Andy’s best friend, Red, is the leader of their little group in prison. As an older man, he has adjusted to immorality of prison life. He sees the suffering and wrong doing of the other inmates, Chief Guard Bradley, and he seems to understand the evil power of the Warden and does what he has to do to survive in prison. He is a good guy and a good friend and his only downfall seems to be cigarettes, posters, and magazines from outside of the prison. All of those items are considered contraband and are illegal in any prison. Red laughs when Andy asks him to obtain a pick hammer and a poster of Rita Hayworth. Andy needs these items for his great escape however Red has no idea about it. Red’s freedom comes by skipping parole. Red, like Andy, abuses how power with people in a more positive way, He helps others have a more bearable time in prison amongst total chaos and corruption. Red committing the small unethical act of skipping parole was on rder to fulfill the greater food, seeing his friend Andy and living a good life of freedom. Chief Guard Bradley abused his power to instill fear and the respect he thought he deserved as the head guard in the prison. It was necessary for him or his staff to commit the crimes they did against the inmates. He committed most of his unethical acts in order to gain the respect, not of the inmates, but of Warden Norton. Warden Norton has to be, without a doubt, the most unethical character in the movie. I guess that should be expected since he was the character with the most power. He allows the guards to beat and intimidate the inmates and uses prison labor for public works. He received kickbacks from this scheme which unbeknownst to him, Andy sets up in his name in a secret account. I feel the most unethical thing Warden Norton did was commit murder. The inmate that Andy helped get his GED, presented evidence that his former prison cell mate committed the murders of Andy’s wife and her lover; not Andy. Warden Norton needed Andy, and he feared he would be found out about the kickbacks. He needed Andy financially, so the inmate with the information to free Andy had to die. Even in the face of fear, Warden Norriton uses his power to keep Andy in his place. Ethical Implications It seems as though Shawshank Prison functioned as a hierarchy of ethics. If the top leader, the warden, is unethical, it seems to stream down in a scandal of unethical actions by many. If the leadership in any organization is unethical, many will function unethically in order to stay in their positions. Recognizing unethical behavior can sometimes not be easy; people try to rationalize and try to justify their actions as excuses for their behavior.

Criminal Behavior Essay -- Social Issues, Crime

It has always been a traditional view that males commit more crimes than females as females are seen more as victims than perpetrators. According to most literature men are the predominant figures where crime is concerned and women are seen as law abiding citizens this essay will show that to an extent gender is a useful tool in explaining criminal behaviour in terms of whether a male or female may have committed a certain type of crime however because of the massive range of differences between different theorists and their explanations of female crime and the link to explaining behaviour there are lots of misconceptions regarding this. This essay will aim to analyse some of the key theorists ideas and use them for an overall explanation of the gender and the explanation of criminal behaviour link. During the early twentieth century it was believed that men were the main perpetrators of criminal behaviour(Williams 2004), there was not a female crime category, crime was believed to be dominated by males so all crime fell into male categories.(Maguire, Reiner and Morgan 2002) It is universally believed that males commit more crimes than females and according to the office for national statistics in 2002 males committed four times more crime than females. The figures of male offending rates has stayed fairly consistent in 1984, 84 percent of offenders were male and in 1999 the figure of male offenders was at 83 percent, in 2006 the figure was at 80 percent (Office for national statistics, 2002). In 2006 the statistics showed that in all major crime categories males outnumber females, between 82 and 94 percent of males were convicted of offences such as burglary, drug offences, criminal damage and violence against the person wit... ... Official statistics do show that there is a definite link between Gender and Criminal behaviour however statistics do not explain the actual causes of criminal behaviour, statistics only really show patterns of male and female offending rates. Unfortunately most of the theorists mentioned above have based their theories on assumptions with no real scientific proof however the social explanations regarding crime seem to offer a more acceptable explanation of gender crime and behaviour but seem to ignore important questions such as why do women commit crimes and to what extent is male crime regarded as normal behaviour. Furthermore there is still the controversy surrounding biological and physiological theories. Even though most of these theories get discredited, small parts of these theories get taken, inspiring more research into the area of gender and crime.

Analysis of Literary Elements in Pride and Prejudice

This quote tells the reader that Mr.. Bennett is a multi-characteristic person and than goes on to describe how so. He is a mixture of qualities that all differ from each other such as; humor and reserve. Austin creates this passage to emphasize how versatile Mr.. Bennett can be. This Inclusion of description of Mr.. Bennett also helps the reader understand more about his character and even provide a form of foreshadowing of how he might behave or react in certain situations later in the book. The main purpose of a loose sentence is to create a informal and relaxed tone in a passage.This use of a loose sentence makes the reader feel more unforgettable as they get to know the characters and establishes the book as being a conversational piece. It also presents the tone of this book as being more like a Journal or diary than a formal novel. This example of loose sentence fits Into the books overall style and tone. L Honors English 9- Period 1! 25 August 2014! Literary Analysis #2! â₠¬Å"l would not be so fastidious as you are,† cried Binge, â€Å"for a kingdom! Upon my honor, I never met so many pleasant girls in my life, as I have this evening; are there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty. † (Austin 1 1)!In this passage from Pride and Prejudice, Austin shows contrast between Mr.. Occurs while the characters being foiled, Mr.. Binge and Mr.. Diary, are at a ball and looking for pretty woman to dance with. As Binge finds many of them beautiful, it shows how he is fond of everyone and wants to see the good in them. On the other hand, Diary is more conceited and proud. He is not approving of many people and is quick Judge, resulting in him not dancing. This foiling characterizes the two men so the readers get to know more about who they are. This quote enhances the story by emphasizing the opposition of their character in a elegant language.They both are close friends but view the world differently. As an effect of this foil, the reader gets to understand the characters, their reason for behavior, and understand events that could possibly result because of their personalities later on in the book. Also, the characters get to shine because of how opposite they behave and interact with others. In this context, Mr.. Binge seems a very kind and social person. If Mr.. Diary weren't present to be conceited, Mr.. Binge would come off as an average person. ! Sydney Simpson ! Literary Analysis #3!Elizabeth continued her walk alone, crossing field after field at a quick pace, Jumping over stiles and springing over puddles with impatient activity, and finding herself at last within view of the house, with weary ankles, dirty stockings, and a face glowing with the warmth of exercise. † (Austin 32)! This select quote from Pride and Prejudice exemplifies the literary term imagery very well. Austin uses very detailed words to describe Elizabethan actions and appearances as she attempts to reach the Binge house where Jane reside s. Imagery is a use of vivid language to describe something and create an â€Å"image† in the readers dead.Imagery also awakens the reader's senses to feel, taste, hear, smell, or see what is being described. It is present all throughout Pride and Prejudice. The author uses this to connect the readers to the book. Imagery also helps the reader understand the emotions and thoughts of character by really describing what is happening and how they react in that situation. This quote clearly fits the term because of the texts descriptive voice of how Elizabethan actions convey her emotions. For example, we can see how determined and excited Elizabeth is because it is described so well how she s running to the house despite the rain.When she appears to the door, the Bentleys are appalled to see her in such manner. We as readers understand that because we can picture in our heads exactly what she appears as. ! 26 August 2014! Literary Analysis #4! â€Å"Her performance was pleasing , though by no means capital. † (Austin 25)! ! This quote from Pride and Prejudice uses the literary technique of rhetorical shift. The characteristics of a rhetorical shift include changing the attitude from one to another in a sentence with a conjunction such as but, or, or though.This passage fits refectory because it starts off with a positive attitude towards Charlotte instrumental performance and than shifts the tone to a more negative attitude. We know this because Austin uses the term says â€Å"by no means capital† meaning subpart and not accepted. Using a rhetorical in the text shifts the mood and/or ideas in the passage. In this case, the main idea of the passage before talked about was Mr.. Diary and Charlotte associations with Colonel Forester. Using the rhetorical shift as a transition phrase, the idea's shift to Charlotte performance and her family. Honors English 9- Period 2! 28 August 2014! Literary Analysis #5! â€Å"Other books were produced and afte r some deliberation, he chose Force's Sermons. † (Austin 68)! The literary term allusion is used in this quote from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin. An allusion is addressed to as a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly. In this case, the book Force's Sermon's was referred as a book being read to the Bennett girls by Mr.. Collins, their father's cousin and heir to the Bennett estate. The book teaches of sermons or morals to women written by clergyman James Forced in 1766. Mr..Collins is also a clergyman, or member of the leery in church. This hints at Mr.. Collins want for the Bennett girls to follow the sermons of being proper and lady-like. It makes sense because in this time period, family. Mr.. Collins book choice also reveals more about his character and support of women staying at home. It becomes obvious that the Bennett daughters want more for themselves other than a housewife because Lydia is astonished of his book choice and interrupts him because of disinterest. Mr.. Collins than becomes offended and confesses he is surprised how many women don't follow the sermon when it is there for their benefit. !

Be An Anthropologist

1. The concept of descent with modification, or evolution, has a great deal of evidence in its support. Indicate the major types of evidence? The concept or idea that species change and evolve into new and different species was described and was an established concept in Darwin's day this was described as descent with modification. The Concept of descent with modification has major evidence in support, in fact we no longer refer to the this adaption as descent with modification, rather it is now called biological evolution. According to our text species of living things are related in some fashion similar to a branching tree.However the process is not quite that simple adaption relies on several processes and to prove this or the evidence used to confirm this is ecology. Science uses the habitats of living organisms to explain the relationships between the organisms. Secondly scientists uses the concept of niche which is the adaptive response to an environment. In addition to this in formation science uses geological and fossil records to explain the changes and diversity that have happened between species over time,through the concepts of natural selection. Scientists believe each fossil is a piece of evidence about the way species adapted and the changes that took place over a period of time.â€Å"Humans are Old World primates† Humans however have striking similarities as well as differences from that of the chimp or gorilla. For instance vision human vision is the same as any other diurnal primate meaning we clearly see the same as monkeys and apes. Our sense of smell is the same as that of the anthropoid primate or ape. Similarly our behavior patterns are closely resembled of most old world apes, humans live in societies that -are based on collective conscious responses of a group of individuals.However as I mentioned before humans also have significant differences from that of other primates, for instance human growth, maturity, and reproduction is c learly different humans birth twins one out of every two-hundred and fifty births, human babies are born far more helpless than any other primate species. Also non human primates mature much more rapid than that of a human. The human brain is far more larger that that of any other primate human brains are three-times the size predicted against human body weight thus a larger brain indicates human primates are more intelligent than that of other primates like monkeys, or apes.3. Distinguish between members of genus Australopithecus and Paranthropus in terms of time, location, and physical features The earliest known and accepted fossils are categorized as Australopithecus or the southern ape. A well known and famous fossil known as Lucy belongs to this fossil group, fossils of Australopithecus's have been found in areas such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Chad, and South Africa and are dated as far back as 4.2 – 2.3 MYA.These primates are known as bipedal apes meaning they walk ed upright, members of this primate group also had facial features that were apelike, had brains half the size of chimpanzees, and weighed on average of one-hundred and five pounds. It is thought these primates adapted to arboreal and terrestrial environments because dental exams of their teeth indicate a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and leaves. On the contrary members of the Paranthropus primates have fossils that have also been recognized these fossils have been found in places like: Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa which are dated as far back as2.8 – 1MYA. This species was thought to have been robust in terms of features relating to eating/chewing. It was discovered this species has a skull features that indicate important chewing muscles, broad dished out faces, and large cheek bones. All traits point to diets that consist largely of vegetables, fruits, and any other foods thought to be found in open areas.4. Explain why variation in skin color is of no use in defini ng human races.In trying to use information that I have learned over the course of the last few days, it would be no use in trying to define the human race based on skin color because all humans have essentially come from the same place meaning we have all developed through evolution. Basically my understanding was that people/ humans ultimately developed stronger or weaker pigment depending on where there lived after the evolved for instance darker people may have come from hotter places where a deeper or darker pigment was needed to protect a person from the sun. Or on the other hand a lighter person assumed lighter pigment because they did not live on a place so hot so their skin or pigment adapted to the area in which they lived.

The Origins of Slavery essays

The Origins of Slavery essays Slavery was not preconceived, but it was inevitable. This can be seen by the accidents and coincidences that occurred in the early 17th century. When a Dutch trader had been blown off course, the first ship of African slaves arrived in 1619 by accident. After the arrival in 1619, it was cheaper to buy indentured servants. This resulted in the population of slaves growing slowly at first. But, as the number of indentured servants decreased, more slaves were needed in the colonies because there was a labor shortage. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries statutes were being written to deal with the growing number of slaves. Virginia's statutes illustrate this: All servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, shall be accounted as slaves, and as such be here bought and sold... By the mid 18th century stereotypes were being created to rationalize slavery because slaves were present in every colony up and down the coast. Eventually rationalization led to a way of life for the English colonists. The gradual shift from indentured servants to slaves began when a Dutch slave trader exchanged his cargo of 20 Africans for food because he had been blown off course. The colonists did not have any slaves prior to this occurrence; all the colonists had in terms of alternative labor had been indentured servants. This resulted in the labeling of the Africans as indentured servants. It also meant that African slaves had the social status of a poor Englishman, and one day could eventually be free. At the same time in the Chesapeake, production was booming and the colonists in the Chesapeake couldn't get enough indentured servants no matter how fast they came over. This led to the supply of indentured servants drying up, and at the same time more slaves were becoming available. This happening left only on ...

Juveniles charged as adults essays

Juveniles charged as adults essays Beginning in Chicago, Illinois in 1899, a distinction was made between crime committed by adults and crime committed by juveniles. With the help of Jane Adams and other reformers, a separate court was set up for juvenile offenders. This new court for youthful offenders was designed to place greater emphasis on the welfare and rehabilitation of youth in the justice system. Training schools and detention centers specialized in rehabilitation were set up to house and treat these kids who had run afoul of the law. These detention centers were designed not only to address the educational and psychological needs of these young criminals, but also to provide vocational skills in order to ensure that these kids would not re-offend and could become productive members of society. The present form of the United States juvenile court system came about due to the case of Gerald Gault in 1967. Prior to 1967, juveniles charged with a crime were not afforded the same right that adults were. The right of being tried by a jury, the right to cross examination and counsel, and the right to protect ones self form self-incrimination were replaced by the benevolence of a single judge. This changed when Gault, a 15 year-old, was charged with making an obscene phone call. While the maximum penalty he would have faced in an adult court would have been a $50 fine or two months in jail, his fate was left solely to the discretion of a single judge in the juvenile system. The judge ordered Gault to a detention center for six years. Under appeal, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the juvenile system was a violation of the fourteenth amendment, asserting that juveniles should have the same right to due process that were afforded adults. This ruling sculpted the juvenile court system that is in place today. Over the last fifteen years, once again the face of the juvenile justice system is changing. During the decade of the 90s, ...

First Electoral College Tie - Election of 1800

First Electoral College Tie - Election of 1800 The first Electoral College tie in American political history occurred in the 1800 election, but it wasnt the two presidential candidates who were deadlocked. A presidential candidate and his own running mate received the same number of electoral votes, and the House of Representatives was forced to break the tie. The first Electoral College tie resulted in Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, a Democratic-Republican candidate, being elected president and runner-up Aaron Burr of New York, his running mate in the election, being elected vice president in 1801. The tie exposed a major flaw in the countrys new constitution, one that was corrected a short time later. How the Electoral College Tie Happened The candidates for president in the 1800 election were Jefferson and incumbent president John Adams, a Federalist. The election was a rematch of the race won by Adams four years earlier, in 1796. Jefferson won more electoral votes the second time around, though, getting 73 to Adams 65. At the time, the Constitution did not allow for electors to choose a vice president but stipulated that the second-highest vote-getter would hold that office. Instead of choosing Jefferson president and Burr vice president, the electors botched their plan and instead awarded both men 73 electoral votes. Under Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution the responsibility of breaking the tie was handed to the U.S. House of Representatives. How the Electoral College Tie Was Broken The delegation from each state in the House was given one vote to award to either Jefferson or Burr, to be decided by a majority of its members. The winner needed to get nine of the 16 votes to be elected president, and the balloting started on Feb. 6, 1801. It took 36 rounds of balloting for Jefferson to win the presidency on Feb. 17. According to the Library of Congress: Still dominated by Federalists, the sitting Congress loathed to vote for Jefferson - their partisan nemesis. For six days starting on February 11, 1801, Jefferson and Burr essentially ran against each other in the House. Votes were tallied over thirty times, yet neither man captured the necessary majority of nine states. Eventually, Federalist James A. Bayard of Delaware, under intense pressure and fearing for the future of the Union, made known his intention to break the impasse. As Delaware’s lone representative, Bayard controlled the state’s entire vote. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Bayard and other Federalists from South Carolina, Maryland, and Vermont cast blank ballots, breaking the deadlock and giving Jefferson the support of ten states, enough to win the presidency. Fixing the Constitution The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1804, made sure that electors chose presidents and vice presidents separately and that a scenario such as the one that occurred between Jefferson and Burr in 1800 would not happen again. Electoral College Tie in Modern Times There hasnt been an Electoral College tie in modern political history, but such a deadlock is certainly possible. There are 538 electoral votes at stake in every presidential election, and it is conceivable that the two major-party candidates could each win 269, forcing the House of Representatives to choose the winner. How an Electoral College Tie is Broken In modern American elections, the presidential and vice presidential candidates are joined on the ticket and elected to the office together. Voters do not select the president and vice president individually. But under the Constitution, it is possible that the presidential candidate of one party could be paired with the vice presidential candidate of the opposing party in the event the House of Representatives is called on to break an Electoral College tie. Thats because while the House would break a tie for president, the U.S. Senate gets to choose the vice president. If the two houses are controlled by different parties, they could theoretically decide on a president and vice president from different political parties.

Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violence - Essay Example WHO acknowledges that 1.6million lives are lost worldwide due to violence especially those aged 15 to 44. Physical violence is the most common form of violence though other forms of violence such as rape, stalking. There are various risk factors that can be used to predict the occurrence of violence and preventive measures put in place to curb the crime before it occurs. The prevalence of firearms in the hands of the general public has been blamed for causing violence especially by the youth (Stellman, 1998). The firearms are used in robberies and to cause injuries to others or oneself especially if the handlers are mentally unstable or are aggressive. The firearms are also used as a means to manipulate others to get what they want. The media has also been under fire for its contribution to violence. Most films and TV movies involve violence and the youth become more aggressive by watching such programs. According to Berrios and Grady (1991), people who live with alcohol and drug abu sers are at a risk of violence. For example, 67% of the victims of domestic violence who lived with the batterer, in 48% of the cases the batterer had an alcohol and drug problem.

Solve one world problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solve one world problem - Essay Example There are two issues related to the problem that I would like to address. One is the neglect caused to an elderly member of the family on the basis of ageism and the diminishing ‘value’ of a human life based on materialistic concerns. The second issue is the general aversion people show towards a family member who is terminally ill, which leads to a situation where s/he is put in a hospice, at the care of others. Though it may be a good idea at times to entrust aged and terminally ill people to the care of those specialized in such care, I believe the involvement of family members in the whole procedure will improve the prospects of a person retaining a lot of positive energy even as s/he nears the last phase of life. My view on this is related to the immense value a human life has and the need to address the cruelty from others who give up on the life of someone simply because s/he is too old and sick. I believe that this universal issue can be solved only through proper sensitization. This has to start from the kindergarten, where kids should be taught the ways in which they should respect life. Along with the awareness that should necessarily be passed on with regard to the unnecessary evils of a World War and the impending disasters of Global Warming, each and every child should learn how to treat elderly people. They should be fully aware of the different phases of human life, and the inevitability of growing old and dying. They should know how to help elderly people keep their dignity through their suffering related to sickness, even as they are at the care of those who are trained to treat them. Apart from functional treatment, older people need and deserve a lot of love and care. I have witnessed many cases where a dying grandfather or grandmother craving for the attention of their family, while all they get is words of consolation from the home nurses. This is a very sad s ituation, and I

True View and Fair Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

True View and Fair Presentation - Essay Example Countries like UK, EU, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand have opted to adopt the 'true and fair view', whereas United States preferred to adopt GAAP standards. (Hopwood, Page, & Turley, 1990) While 'Present fairly in accordance with GAAP' took its origin from the US financial reporting regulations in 1939 (McEnroe & Martens, 1998), UK Companies Act 1947 introduced the concept of 'True and Fair View' for the first time in the UK. (Parker & Nobes, 1994) However the latest version of the International Accounting Standard - 1 (IAS 1) which became operative on or after 1st July 1998 recommends the adoption of both the reporting standards. IAS - 1 requires a fair presentation and disclosure in compliance with the IAS and in cases where there is a misleading element in the compliance to the IAS, the reporting can adopt a limited 'true and fair view' to override the fair presentation. (IAS 1, 1998) This paper examines whether the 'fair presentation' requirements of IAS - 1 undermine the UK's adoption of the view of 'true and fair' in the reporting of the financial statements. There is no authoritative definition of the term 'true and fair view' and some of the approaches to the definition have considered the concept in relation to the individual components of the terms in isolation. (Cowan, 1965) Chastney (1975) suggests that either of the terms does not presuppose the other and the also doubts whether the combined effect of the term amounts to more than the effect of the individual terms. Parker and Nobes (1991) found that majority of the auditors had made a distinction between both the terms 'true' and 'fair'. They also concluded out of their survey on the UK Directors that most of the directors considered both terms are synonymous. Both the terms 'true' and 'fair' have been defined in a precise and exact manner. "The nature of truth, whether it is absolute or relative, whether it exists as a reality, an incontrovertible thing, or as an abstraction, whether it is dependent or independent of the believer/observer and whether any statement can be proven or merely falsified are all aspects that that have been applied to accounting theory and research." (Covaleski & Dirsmith, 1990; Chua, 1986) Meaning of 'Fairly Presented, In Accordance with GAAP' Just like the terms 'true and fair view' there is no precise definition available of the term present fairly in accordance with GAAP' which can be considered as the American Equivalent of 'true and fair view'. Mano et al (1996) observe that the term may mean: The reports presented fairly and also in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles

Strategic Financial Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Financial Management Master - Essay Example Another school of thought believes that dividends are adverse for the average shareholder as they attract taxes and cause fiscal disadvantages. Last but not the least the third group lauds large dividends as positive signal to shareholders that all is well. So where does the modern shareholder satisfaction stand in relation to dividend policies This is the main issue which I will review in my paper below. This question relates to a consideration of the corporate dividend policy as to whether shareholders should be paid sufficient dividends or whether or not they are making sizeable profits on the stock market. Over the last half century academics have spoken in great depth over this issue and suggested conflicting theoretical frameworks to explain their points of view.(Frankfurter 2002).The problem is that these assertions often lack empirical depth to the criticism and stumble upon self contradictions in an attempt to explain corporate dividend behaviour.(Frankfurter 2002).Today academic opinion is divided as to whether dividends are attractive to shareholders and will have a positive impact in stock prices.(Frankfurter 2002 )Another school of thought contends that prices are negatively correlated with dividend payout levels.(Frankfurter 2002).The third view is that firm dividend policy is irrelevant in stock price valuation. (Frankfurter 2002).My paper will discuss and try to recon cile all these views towards a better theory and understanding of this issue. These views are best summed up as being based upon, the tax effect ( Litzenberger and Ramaswamy (1980),)Clientele effects explanations (Elton and Gruber, 1970), Agency theory explanations(Easterbrook 1984), Signalling models(John and Williams (1985), and psychological/sociological explanations (Frankfurter and Lane 1992). Frankfurter and Wood (2002) have even gone ahead to suggest that none of the dividend theories are unequivocally verified. Academics and theorists like (Adam Smith 1937) have recognised that there will always be agency costs related to taking care of shareholder priorities and controlling unruly management staff.(Corporate Governance issues). 2- Definitions and views from academics Dividend policy has a large bearing on agency costs and many academics have recognised this (Fama and Fama) but their belief that payments of large dividends would potentially compensate for the shareholders are often ignored during decision making in a company according to John and Kalay 1982 "Debt covenants to minimize dividend payments are necessary to prevent bondholder wealth transfers to shareholders .Although potentially substantial in precipitation of agency costs, its dividend policy is not a major source of bondholder wealth expropriation. In firms where dividend payouts are limited by bondholder covenants, dividend payout levels are still below the maximum level allowed by the constraints" (Frankfurter

Heat exchanger design project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Heat exchanger design project - Coursework Example The Flowrate of the system is to be designed to be 10,560 kg/hr The design also aims at getting the heat exchanger using hot Ethylene glycol which at the inlet shall be at a temperature of 350 K. At the outlet, the design is to have the hot ethylene at the temperature of 310K. At the same time, the design Pressure at the inlet is to be 2 atm. 2 Background Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers A shell and tube Heat Exchanger works with the principle that a series of parallel tubes run through a shell that is filled with a fluid that takes the heat from the series of parallel tubes. The tubes transfer heat into the fluid primarily through conduction and convection. It is a very effective heat exchange system where the heat is ejected from the pipes with a lot of ease. This mechanism of heat exchange is the most commonly used in industries as opposed to the numerous other mechanisms that are available. The walls of the tubes are key in the transfer of the heat from the parallel tubes to the co olant running in the shell. S & T Heat Exchanger Design Standards The Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger types are typically designed such that they are in such a wide range of shapes and sizes. The sizes usually range from 6 inch all the way to a whopping 40 inch just in their diameter. On the other hand, their usual length normally varies from just a meager 3 feet all the way to a whopping 40 feet over and above the heads of the tube. Also as per the designs of the Heat Exchangers, their usual design pressure which they can accommodate is upto a pressure of 20 Kg for every sq.cm gauge. This is on the tube side walls and shell side walls. The design of the Heat Exchangers follows the fabrication standard of ASME / TEMA unfired vessels pressure codes and ASHRAE requirements standards. The climate of the area under consideration changes seasonally and rivet holes should have a broad tolerance accordance to the four seasons of the world. It has extreme end points whose temperatures go beyond the melting point of water. Under changing environmental temperature conditions, materials tend to expand and contract. In this regard, the heat exchanger system has to be designed in way that considers the expansion and contraction of materials. The system has to be made with more flexible tolerances and fits to allow for the expansion and contraction of the materials (I). The best method for the joining of the parts of the system should be one which allows for the expansion and contraction of materials. In this regard, permanent material joining methods like welding are inappropriate. The use of rivets is recommended. The rivets should be such that they allow the joined materials room to expand and contract relative to one another. To achieve this, the rivets and the rivet holes should be designed with a great tolerance fit. The system should also be designed in a way that permits regular repairs and maintenance. It should not be rigidly enclosed. More or less all systems tend to break down at some point in the course of their work time. This calls for an entry point to check up the internal portions of the system. In this regard, it is in appropriate to design a system which is permanently enclosed within a system. Entry points can be made from several wide ranges of mechanisms. The design incorporates all the conditions at hand so as to have the heat within the system are within the constraints that are bearable for

Strategy and Competition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy and Competition - Case Study Example In 2008, the company recorded revenue of $ 705 million which is far better when compared to 2004’s $9.7 million (Ivey, 2010, p.8). This was attributed to the support that several authorities within the world have given which promoted the execution of the PV technology. Canadian Solar Company has been experiencing losses over the past few years though its revenues have grown by more than 135 percent over the years (Ivey, 2010, p.8). These loses have been attributed to the high competition around the world which have contributed to a decrease in the company’s market share (Ivey, 2010, p.9). The management under the leadership of Dr. Qu is faced with the mandate of turning the losses into profits amid the high international competition and economic crisis by formulating and executing a viable profit plan. No business can operate in a vacuum. Each and every business requires an environment to operate in. After a thorough analysis, the external environment of Canadian solar company consist of the political environment, the technological environment, the social environment, the economical environment, competitors in the industry and the industry itself. According to Porter’s five forces model, Industry encompasses the competitors, the suppliers, the consumers or the customers, technology available and the restrictions available for entry and exit in the industry by firms. The market consists of potential customers who include the domestic users and commercial users. Canadian Solar incorporation produces a wide variety of products such as the industrial and automotive and consumer products (Ivey, 2010, p.6) to suffice the customer’s needs. The various authorities in the different countries have greatly promoted and encouraged production of and the technology of the PV cells. Most of the countries across the universe in 2008 and 2009 provided incentives for the development of the technology e.g. China and Canada (Ivey, 2010, p.7). Government

Heat exchanger design project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Heat exchanger design project - Coursework Example The Flowrate of the system is to be designed to be 10,560 kg/hr The design also aims at getting the heat exchanger using hot Ethylene glycol which at the inlet shall be at a temperature of 350 K. At the outlet, the design is to have the hot ethylene at the temperature of 310K. At the same time, the design Pressure at the inlet is to be 2 atm. 2 Background Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers A shell and tube Heat Exchanger works with the principle that a series of parallel tubes run through a shell that is filled with a fluid that takes the heat from the series of parallel tubes. The tubes transfer heat into the fluid primarily through conduction and convection. It is a very effective heat exchange system where the heat is ejected from the pipes with a lot of ease. This mechanism of heat exchange is the most commonly used in industries as opposed to the numerous other mechanisms that are available. The walls of the tubes are key in the transfer of the heat from the parallel tubes to the co olant running in the shell. S & T Heat Exchanger Design Standards The Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger types are typically designed such that they are in such a wide range of shapes and sizes. The sizes usually range from 6 inch all the way to a whopping 40 inch just in their diameter. On the other hand, their usual length normally varies from just a meager 3 feet all the way to a whopping 40 feet over and above the heads of the tube. Also as per the designs of the Heat Exchangers, their usual design pressure which they can accommodate is upto a pressure of 20 Kg for every sq.cm gauge. This is on the tube side walls and shell side walls. The design of the Heat Exchangers follows the fabrication standard of ASME / TEMA unfired vessels pressure codes and ASHRAE requirements standards. The climate of the area under consideration changes seasonally and rivet holes should have a broad tolerance accordance to the four seasons of the world. It has extreme end points whose temperatures go beyond the melting point of water. Under changing environmental temperature conditions, materials tend to expand and contract. In this regard, the heat exchanger system has to be designed in way that considers the expansion and contraction of materials. The system has to be made with more flexible tolerances and fits to allow for the expansion and contraction of the materials (I). The best method for the joining of the parts of the system should be one which allows for the expansion and contraction of materials. In this regard, permanent material joining methods like welding are inappropriate. The use of rivets is recommended. The rivets should be such that they allow the joined materials room to expand and contract relative to one another. To achieve this, the rivets and the rivet holes should be designed with a great tolerance fit. The system should also be designed in a way that permits regular repairs and maintenance. It should not be rigidly enclosed. More or less all systems tend to break down at some point in the course of their work time. This calls for an entry point to check up the internal portions of the system. In this regard, it is in appropriate to design a system which is permanently enclosed within a system. Entry points can be made from several wide ranges of mechanisms. The design incorporates all the conditions at hand so as to have the heat within the system are within the constraints that are bearable for

The Laramie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Laramie - Essay Example in which religion puts people apart in the play as paradoxically as it is through judgment and the feelings when he questions if his priest and father are right about their arguments against homosexuality. The questioning raises the difference between reality and religion as well as the statement of not giving the organized religion permission of the contents of the said character (Kaufman 21). Evident from the text is the ability to differentiate between religion and spirituality. The idea of well-established religion as well as that of orthodoxy as shown in a way that practices the singular notion of the best. Such traits are depicted by Reverend Phelps when he tries to make the matter of homosexuality be the one who questions whether ones allegiance to his God as it creates a setting that looks to separate individuals from "us or them" situation (Kaufman 32).  Moreover, such also is the same as it discourages the Muslim woman in the play as it awakens the social status of some townspeople simply because of the cultural traditions.   At such point, also, one can get the difference such regards the approach that separates individuals from religion does not represent all the established religions when Matts funeral is held in a Catholic church, the time where establishment of religion does look to bring people collectively. Moreover,  there are also other religions, which cannot really be ready for them to accept fully homosexuality, and as well as its implications on the clergy, given so they cannot respond in the way of Reverend Phelps.   The play makes the greatest statement on religious views of love together with compassion by the individuals as it is seen in the play.   Those who live in the town like Jedidiah work extra hard to reconcile the meaning being loyal to the town, and they also commit themselves to the fraternity by accepting all individuals living there. Romaine Patterson also willingness to remove the perception of "angels" 23 is a good

McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors Essay Example for Free

McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors Essay McDonalds is the worlds leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33,000 locations in 118 countries. McDonald’s has several company owned stores, but uses Franchising for both domestic and international expansion. McDonalds India was set up as a 50:50 joint-venture between McDonalds at a global level and regional Indian partners such as Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited in western India, and Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited in northern India. McDonald’s currently has over 220 restaurants in the country. McDonalds doesn’t provide any financial assistance and absentee ownership of finance is not allowed. Also, the financial requirements are quite steep. MFY- for implementing the MFY (Made for You) option for customers, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment at their own expense. This caused some problem with maintaining standard service across all outlets. Pricing and menu may also be a point of difficulty for the franchiser and franchisee as prices vary between companies owned and franchised stores. Inconsistent standards- There are several instances of poor service or disgruntled customers complaining about the quality of food served. This is because it is difficult to enforce the exact same standards in all franchised stores. McDonald’s aims to provide 100 percent total customer satisfaction. In order to achieve this goal , McDonald’s relies on its operating philosophy based on QSC V – Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value. McDonald’s believes that customer satisfaction is crucial to the success of the brand and all Restaurants must perform to the standards. These standards are used in both company owned and franchised restaurants. QUALITY Best ingredients: This is achieved by its commitment to sourcing all its requirements from local farmers and suppliers. Before entering India, the company spent six years and Rs. 450 crore toset up its supply chain. In India McDonalds pioneered the cold chain management which helpskeep vegetables and processed products safe for a longer time. Preparation Standards: Best quality standardized ingredients ensure standardized preparation standards can be followed. Every product has a fixed procedure of preparation. However, newer McDonald’s stores offer MFY (Made for You) where the product is made only after the order is placed. Other standards: * FIFO: (First in first out) for all inventories. * Reverse osmosis water treatment plant: Best technology for water purification at every outlet to provide water. Strict standards for vegetarian products including eggless mayonnaise and eggless ice-cream. SERVICE * Soft standards: * Welcome every customer with a smile and are genuinely friendly at all times * Deliver consistent standards of hospitality Seize opportunities to interact with customers in a personal and positive way * Be well informed about product contents and nutritional information * Always appear clean and well groomed. * Hard standards: * Serve fresh and hot * Serve within one minute of receiving order or give a free coke. This is implemented in a few outlets and is not applicable during peak hours. * Cleanliness and Hygiene * The counters, tables, floor area are to be kept clean at all times. * All staff required to cover their heads and wear gloves when within preparation area. * All these standards are evaluated by mystery shoppers and rated. This is called a RVR Restaurant Visitation Report) which provides a snapshot of the stores performance over a period of a few hours. The stores are graded either A, B, C or F. Facility Exterior: Exterior Design: McDonalds design exhibits a sense of â€Å"Forever Young† look with bright red and yellow colours appealing to the children and establishing its family restaurant positioning. The building provides a practical, contemporary design that aligns with the McDonalds brand essence while accommodating the latest operational and consumer experience standards. Their mascot Ronald Mcdonald is also present outside each of their restaurants. McDonalds always have all glass restaurants. McDonalds has always clearly identified and managed the various clues that customers use to form the impressions and feeling about their company. In addition to this, McDonalds has separate take away counters in order to save time of their patrons. Signage: All of McDonalds external signage reads as, â€Å"McDonalds-Family restaurant. Also keeping in mind with the local language, all McDonalds restaurant have their name boards in Hindi. McDonalds strongly believes in adhering to the local sentiments and hence none of the outlets in India sell Beef products and every restaurant has this mentioned. Also McDonalds, strongly believes in glass branding for any new products or services they offer. Most of the communication is designed to cater to local tastes and preferences. Parking/Landscape/Surrounding Environment: All McDonald outlets are located are accessible and present everywhere thus capitalizing on brand recognition. Most of the McDonalds have their own restaurants and hence the seating space available is exclusive to McDonald’s patrons. Also McDonalds offers proper parking facilities for its highway restaurants. Facility Interior All McDonalds outlet are standardized in terms of layout and have proper in-store branding. The â€Å"Young and Cheerful† design concept is a progressive, youthful, and energetic environment with open views for social interaction. All McDonald outlets are huge with proper aisles and passages with appropriate signage for seating arena, lavatories, wet floor and food counters. McDonalds has a Made for You food preparation platform.MFY is a unique concept (cooking method) where the food is prepared as the customer places its order. This cooking method has helped McDonald’s further strengthen its food safety, hygiene and quality standards. McDonalds also has illuminated Menu boards that offer a mix of both vegetarian and non vegetarian burgers along with other savories and drinks. McDonalds also has proper queues for placing order and often there is a executive who assists you in order placing. Also McDonalds gives toys for children thus making them wanting to come back. The other visible cues are color, lighting, in-store music, employee uniforms and trays with literary. McDonalds has ample in store lighting and directly inï ¬â€šuences an individual’s perception of the deï ¬ nition and quality of the space, inï ¬â€šuencing his or her awareness of physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of the space. The bright McDonald stores ensure prompt handling and evaluation of products. In all McDonald stores the lighting is perceived as more pleasant than other fast food environments. The color scheme that McDonalds uses exhumes cheerfulness and warmth. Red depicts vibrance, cheerfulness while yellow depicts friendliness and brightness. At McDonalds, music is a positive auditory cue stimulating specific consumer behaviour and emotions. Music appears to influence buyer-seller interaction. There is audio played about the latest offers and products. Also a balance and constant sound creates a pleasant sound environment. All employees at McDonald are provided with uniforms and name badges along with caps with McDonald signature â€Å"M† arch. Employees are also trained with appropriate soft skills to address customers. Every employee or front line executive greets the customer and exchanges pleasantries, which makes them happy. Service quality gap: The five gaps that organizations should measure manage and minimize: Gap 1 (Listening gap) is the distance between what customers expect and what managers think they expect Clearly survey research is a key way to narrow this gap. Gap 2 (standard and specification gap) is between management perception and the actual specification of the customer experience Managers need to make sure the organization is defining the level of service they believe is needed. 29 Gap 3 (performance gap)is from the experience specification to the delivery of the experience -Managers need to audit the customer experience that their organization currently delivers in order to make sure it lives up to the specification Gap 4 (communication gap) is the gap between the delivery of the customer experience and what is communicated to customers All too often organizations exaggerate what will be provided to customers, or discuss the best case rather than the likely case, raising customer expectations and harming customer perceptions Gap 5 is the gap between a customers perception of the experience and the customers expectation of the service Customers expectations have been shaped by word of mouth, their personal needs and their own past experiences. Routine transactional surveys after delivering the customer experience are important for an organization to measure customer perceptions of service Service Quality dimensions Tangibles : Physical evidence of service Reliability : Consistency of performance and dependability Responsiveness : Willingness/readiness of employees to provide service in timely manner Credibility : Trustworthiness, believability, honesty Security : Freedom from danger, risk, doubt, assurance guarantee, Certification Competence : Possession of required skills to perform service Access : Approachability and ease of contact Empathy Courtesy : Politeness, respect, consideration, friendliness Values: They place customer experience at the core of all they do: They believe customers are the reason for their existence. They demonstrate their appreciation by providing them with high quality food and superior service in a clean, welcoming environment, at a great value. Their goal is quality, service, cleanliness and value (QSCV) for each and every customer, each and every time. They are committed to their people. They provide opportunity, nurture talent, develop leaders and reward achievement. They believe that a team of well-trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement, is essential to their continued success. They believe in the McDonald’s System. McDonald’s business model, depicted by their â€Å"three-legged stool† of owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees, is their foundation, and balancing the interests of all three groups is the key. They operate their business ethically. Sound ethics is good business. At McDonald’s, they hold themselves and conduct their business to high standards of fairness, honesty, and integrity. They are individually accountable and collectively responsible. They give back to their communities. They take seriously the responsibilities that come with being a leader. They help their customers in building better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, and leverage their size, scope and resources to help make the world a better place. They grow their business profitably. McDonald’s is a publicly traded company. As such, they work to provide sustained profitable growth for their shareholders. This requires continuous focus on their customers and the health of their system. They strive continually to improve. They are a learning organization that aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs through constant evolution and innovation. McDonald’s is committed to providing the highest quality food and superior service, at a great value, in a clean and welcoming environment. That’s why we work with their employees, franchisees, and suppliers to serve a balanced array of food choices and provide the nutrition informa tion needed for customers to make sound decisions. At the restaurant level, McDonald’s is focused on energy conservation, sustainable packaging, and waste management. They are dedicated to innovate and improve their operations in order to build an even more sustainable, environment friendly and profitable business. And will continue to re optimize their menu, modernize the customer experience, and broaden accessibility to their brand, so that consumers will always enjoy the maximum McDonald’s experience. Service Blueprint: Loopholes in service operations: A research report released Thursday by Dunnhumby, highlighted by The Wall Street Journal, elucidates that in reality the customer eating experience is becoming more and more important to consumers. With so many fast-food options available, they make their decisions based on loyalty — and a significant portion of this support is garnered through a chain’s friendly customer service and good eating experience. It is without doubt that McDonald’s is still winning over Americans with its cheap Dollar Menu offerings and convenient drive thru service. But its poor customer-service scores are ultimately hurting its sales– a certainty supported by the Dunnhumby report that demonstrates that restaurants with higher customer-service scores tend to show higher comparable sales growth over a two-year period. Thus, if the world’s largest restaurant chain wants to maintain its edge over competitors, it must not only focus on price and promotions, but also the expe rience it offers to customers every day. And McDonald’s executives agree. The Wall Street Journal explains that in a webcast these executives held with franchise owners in March, they called its service â€Å"broken.† The number of customer complaints related to friendliness issues have only increased, and complaints about speed of service also â€Å"have increased significantly over the past six months.† Is it then perhaps possible that customers are becoming more accustomed to the friendly service and loyalty rewards they receive at other growing chains like and then less tolerating of the subpar services they encounter at other fast food chains? With respect to the services provided by McDonalds, the following management issues were observed McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors and match up to those of its self owned restaurants, However the problem that they have encountered is that franchisee owners are unwilling to invest in interior design. McDonald’s has introduced MFY (Made for You) whereby the burgers are made after the order is placed. However, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment in order to follow this. The franchisees are not willing to incur such expenditure which poses a problem to McDonald’s. We normally observe the customary trend of people queuing outside McDonalds especially during the weekends. This is due to the limited capacity space in the restaurants. This has been a persistent management problem for McDonalds. Even though the management at McDonalds has been trying to search for a solution for the same, it fears doing so pertaining to cost issues.

Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication

Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication The Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication Abstract Introduction Aim/ Purpose Theory Participants Procedure Results Conclusion References Abstract This research will attempt to test the hypothesis whether there is gender difference in use of non verbal communication between male and female with use of gestures. The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another. The difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed. The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. Introduction According to Briton and Hall (2005), in a very general sense, non-verbal communication simply includes all forms of communication, which are not achieved purely through the use of words or other symbols that perform the same task as words. This has been emphasized by Semnani-Azad, Adair, (2011), who reiterate that this is simply not a reference to our behavior (although, of course, some people do act like animals). It is a reference to the fact that humans are biological creatures, as much as crocodiles, cougars, and capybara (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). We are the product of millions of years of evolution, our physical make-up changing to make us fitter to survive and reproduce. Aim/ Purpose This Essay will attempt to analyse whether a gender difference exist in use of verbal communication between male and female this can contribute towards understanding the literature about the elements of non verbal communication. Although humans are animals, we also have something that no other animal has: the most complex social structure on Earth (Eriksson, et al., 2012). We gather in families, tribes, clans, and nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated method of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through printing and broadcasting. Our memories are the longest, our interactions the most intricate, our perception of the world simultaneously the broadest and most detailed (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). The difference between humans and other animals is that, unlike any other animal (as far as we know), we can and do consciously respond or alter our response to a stimulus (Keogh, 2014). The greatest example lies in the existence of amusement parks, where people deliberately subject themselves to stimuli that any other creature on earth would go to great lengths to avoid (Van Beek, Van Dolderen, Dubas, 2006). Imagine, if you can, the reaction of a dog to a roller coaster. If it did not leap out at the first movement, it would cringe in bottom of the car until it probably had a heart attack. Regardless of the occasional demarcation disputes, non-verbal communication occurs within the same basic framework (i.e. output, transmission and input, to condense thousands of pages into three words) as does communication, which is dependent on discrete symbols such as words (Keogh, 2014). Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the total influence on this assessment, while tone of voice and visual clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs). It is not always immediately obvious whether an instance of communication should be considered verbal or non-verbal (Caspi, Chajut, Saporta, 2008). Some gestures have agreed meanings which are at least as precise as those of some words. Perhaps, like writing and signing, specific gestures should be considered as verbal communication via the visual input. By the same token, a word which is screamed loudly and harshly could be thought of as non-verbal communication via the auditory input – especially if its meaning did not fit the context (Eriksson, et al., 2012). Another way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit (precisely defined) or implicit (imprecisely evoked). Words are usually explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. However, in the above examples, the gestures were examples of largely explicit communication, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication. Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication has always been an important skill that all people should develop. Previous studies have hinted at the idea that men and women communicate differently. Spangler, (1995) suggested that women tend to be better at using and decoding nonverbal communicating cues, especially facial expressions. In a stereotypical beliefs study by Caspi, Chajut, and Saporta, (2008), it was suggested that women were believed to use the face and hands to express their ideas more than men. While another study by Schmid, Schmid Mast, Bombari, and Mast, (2011) suggested that women are believed to employ more expressive and involve more nonverbal communication than men, and that they are more skilled at sending and receiving nonverbal messages. Theory Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space .The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. In this research, women are more likely than men to perceive touch from opposite-gender strangers as unpleasant and an invasion of privacy. Moreover, the more women perceive a touch as sexual from a male stranger, the less they perceive the touch as warm and friendly; whereas, the more men perceive a touch as sexual from a female stranger, the more they perceive it as warm, pleasant, and friendly (for a review, see Hertenstein et al. 2006b). In the present study, we tested predictions regarding gender differences in the accuracy with which individuals can communicate distinct emotions through touch in human communication, relying on previously published data (Hertenstein et al. 2006). This study included the requisite four different dyad groups (encoder-decoder): female–female, female–male, male–male, and male–female. Overall accuracy across 12 emotions did not vary by gender, as reported in the original article. However, gender differences were not analyzed for each emotion separately. These aggregate analyses limited the inferences that could be made regarding gender differences in the communication of emotion via touch. In the present study, we analyzed each of the emotions separately focusing on two emotions that evolutionary and social role accounts both suggest should vary by gender: sympathy and anger. We also focused on happiness, an emotion that has shown consistent gender differences (e.g., LaFrance et al 2003). Researchers have documented empirical support for such stereotypes (Brody and Hall 2000); women report experiencing more happiness than men (Brody 1993) and they smile more than men (Hall et al. 2002; LaFrance et al. 2003). Predicated upon theory and the empirical work demonstrating that women experience and express more positive emotionality than men, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would communicate happiness with touch at above-chance levels. In summary, based on theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed above, we made predictions regarding three different emotions: sympathy, anger, and happiness. More specifically, we predicted that when females are in an experimental dyad, sympathy will be decoded at above-chance levels. We also predicted that dyads involving males would accurately communicate anger with touch. Finally, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would accurately communicate happiness with touch. Participants The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in downtown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. In order to further investigate the idea that women have better communication skills than men, my partner and I constructed a study where 40 participants were observed. Twenty men and 20 women who were in a bar setting were observed for 2 minutes each. While the individuals were engaged in a conversation, the two-minute timer was set and the amount of times hand gestures used were tallied. We hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, that women will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men. Procedure While in a highly social setting, 36 males and 26 females were identified and observed. As the observers we identified the male or female participant and set our timers for two minutes. Making our observation as discreet as possible, every use of nonverbal Communication was recorded. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another. The chi-square (pronounced ‘kai’) distribution is the most commonly used method of comparing proportions. It is symbolized by the Greek letter chi or c 2). This test makes it possible to determine whether the difference exists between two groups and their preference or likelihood of doing something is real or just a chance occurrence. In other words, it determines whether a relationship or association exists between being in one of the two groups and the behavior or characteristic under study. If in a survey of 692 respondents, we asked whether or not they are interested attending attractions and events that deal with history and heritage during their vacation, and we wanted to determine whether there is a difference in how men and women respond to this question, we could calculate a chi-square. C 2 determines the differences between the observed (fo) and expected frequencies (fe). The observed frequencies are the actual survey results, whereas the expected frequencies refer to the hypothetical distribution based on the overall proportions between the two characteristics if the two groups are alike. For example, if we have the following survey results: Choose 1 data set and use this data for the research report for NVC Date set 1: Observed frequencies Then we can calculate our expected frequencies (fe) based on the proportion of respondents who said ‘yes’ versus ‘no’. It can also be calculated for each cell by the row total with the column total divided by the grand total This second table, we hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, they will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men, also representing the null hypothesis or Ho. (Therefore, if a study says that it fails to reject the null hypothesis, it means that no relationship was found to exist between the variables under study.) Hence, the calculation is as follows: The critical value for a level of significance of .05 (or 95% level of confidence, the normal level in this type of research) is 3.841. This means that you are confident that 95% of the distribution falls below this critical value. Since our result is above this value, we can: Reject the null hypothesis that no difference exists between interest in attending historical attractions and events and gender (in other words, there is a difference between genders); and Conclude that the differences in the groups are statistically significant (or not due to chance) You will not need to memorize all the critical values since computer programs such as SPSS will not only calculate the c 2 values for you, but will also give you the precise level of observed significance (known as p value), which in our case is .039. If this level of significance is above the standard .05 level of statistical significance, you are dealing with a statistically significant relationship. Increasing your understanding of non-verbal communication is the first step in improving your own use and comprehension of this vital aspect of interpersonal interaction. In order to determine the difference between the average amount of nonverbal communication used between men and women, my partner and I constructed an observational study where 40 selected participants were observed for 2 minutes each within a bar setting. The sample group of participants consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of times women use han d gestures in comparison to the amount of times men use hand gestures Results The difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,two tailed. The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. We believed that women would use more hand gestures than men because of the stereotype, that women are more social and outgoing than men. Women are also believed to express their feelings more than men, which we believed is connected to the way women communicate and the amount of hand gestures they use. Conclusion I believe that further research in this area would be extremely helpful in analyzing why women are better at expressing themselves. Some of the sampling problems in this study could have been that the individuals being observed may have mild case of Tourette’s syndrome that causes to have constant movement, that movement could have easily been confused for a hand gesture. Another sampling problem could have been the attempt to grab a drink or a straw could have been counted as a hand gesture, when the gesture had nothing to do with communication. References Briton, N J, Hall, J A (2005). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 32, 79(12). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from Expanded Academic ASAP Database. Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K. (2008). Participation in Class and in Online Discussions: Gender Differences.Computers Education,50(3), 718-724. Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Perez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between Girls and Boys in Emerging Language Skills: Evidence from 10 Language Communities.British Journal Of Developmental Psychology,30(2), 326-343. Keogh, E. (2014). Gender differences in the nonverbal communication of pain: A new direction for sex, gender, and pain research?.Pain. Schmid, P., Schmid Mast, M., Bombari, D., Mast, F. (2011). Gender Effects in Information Processing on a Nonverbal Decoding Task.Sex Roles,65(1/2), 102-107. Semnani-Azad, Z., Adair, W. L. (2011). The Display of Dominant Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation: The Role of Culture and Gender.International Negotiation,16(3), 451-479. Spangler, L. (1995). Gender-Specific Nonverbal Communication: Impact for Speaker Effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(4), 409-419. Van Beek, Y., Van Dolderen, M. M., Demon Dubas, J. S. (2006). Gender-Specific Development of Nonverbal Behaviours and Mild Depression in Adolescence.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,47(12), 1272-1283. Page 1

Jealousy in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Jealousy in Julius Caesar Jealousy causes many of the characters in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar to commit dangerous and foolish acts. Cassius' jealousy drives him to kill Caesar. All the conspirators, except the noble Brutus, kill Caesar because they feel threatened by his power. Brutus is the only conspirator who murders Caesar for more honorable reasons. Jealousy is a very important theme in this play. Cassius feels very threatened by Caesar's power. He remembers when he was an equal to Caesar, and doesn't think that Caesar deserves this much power. He comments to Brutus, "I was born free as Caesar; so were you: / We both have fed as well, and we can both / Endure the winter's cold as well as he" (Act I, sc. II, 97-99). Cassius is also enraged because Caesar doesn't like him. Caesar suggests, "Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; / He thinks too much: such men are dangerous" (Act I, sc. II, 194-195). Cassius thinks that Caesar's temper is dangerous. He declares, "Ye gods! It doth amaze me, / A man of such a feeble temper should / So get the start of the majestic world, / And bear the palm alone" (Act I, sc. II, 128-131). Casca also is jealous of Caesar. He is disgusted by Caesar's manipulation of the commoners. He describes it as "mere foolery" (Act I, sc. II, 235). Casca agrees with Cassius that Brutus is an essential part the conspiracy. He says, "O, he sits high in all the people's hearts; / And that which would appear offense in us, / His countenance, like richest alchemy, / Will change to virtue and to worthiness" (Act I, sc. III, 157-160). Brutus is the only conspirator who does not act out of jealousy and envy. He is Caesar's friend, and holds a powerful position in Rome. Therefore, he has no reason to feel jealous of Caesar. Brutus makes his decision based on what is the best for Rome, and is tricked into believing that the other conspirators feel the same way. He comments, "What need we any spur but our own cause / To prick us to redress? What other bond / Than the secret Romans that

Compare and Contrast Lennie and Crooks Essay

Don’t judge a book for its cover. In the book â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, the people in the bunkhouse had their differences and similarities. Crooks and Lennie had their own differences and similarities, Crooks suffered from racism while Lennie didn’t, Crooks was a lonely man while Lennie had George, and both of them were outside of society. Crooks suffer from racism. He lives alone in his own bunkhouse. Curley’s wife treats him like if he was her slave, one time she entered his room and started denigrating him because of his color. He also doesn’t goes to the â€Å"saloon† to play cards or hang out with the other guys. Lennie has George; they have someone to count on. Tough George sometimes makes fun of Lennie they still know someone is there. On the other hand, Crooks has nobody to rely on. Also, they don’t go further their relationship. They both remain outside of society. Crooks started being a hostile; he wanted to be alone and didn’t let anyone get into his room. Lennie is mentally retarded; this is what makes other people make fun of him or he’s unable to do things. At last, they both rest in Crooks room because they don’t fit in the group of men. As they weren’t the same they still had their own differences and similarities, which made them, get together. Lennie had George but Lennie didn’t fit in the group that made him lonely and that’s one part that brings them together, by loneliness. People are not meant to be alone, everyone is meant to have someone in their lives.

Well Done Is Better Than Well Said (by Moshood)

Well done is better than well said Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, panel of judges co-debaters’ and my fellow audience a salaam alaykun. It gives me a great pleasure to speak for the motion quoted well done is better than well said. Well done is better than well said; says who, this is a famous quote of the popular old printer Benjamin Franklin. I strongly belief in the saying action speaks louder than voice I don’t believe in words I believe in action, do you believe in words?!!! We have been living in a world of unfulfilled promises, a world where liberty only lies in words, have we not heard enough of the sweet coated words of our governments and president, how long are we going to remain in this? , there are billions of promises yet to be fulfilled by our leaders, if we had known that their words were nothing we would not have voted for them!!! How much do you all trust your political leaders, whose sugar coated has no meaning save empty and pseudo promises. The government promises peace but yet killing of men is like that of killing chickens, the death rate has is on the rise and the burial ground keeps receiving visitors, well its so sad to know that words are easily said, forgotten and betrayed but actions are not. What would you say about the rising rate of unemployment, can you count the times government have promised employment opportunities, well don’t be surprised because words however sweet and pleasant will remain word if not accompanied with action. We need action to change the bearing of this country, we are potentially endowed yet the words of our leaders play little to bring us to the share of progress. Honorable judges, People easily speak about what they can’t do, why cant men let their action speak for them, wise men don’t speak their action speaks for them, because action removes the doubt that theory cannot solve. Coming down the stairs to our social lives; deceit, betrayal and lies has become a day to day activity, the three words â€Å"I LOVE YOU â€Å"has ended up many homes hopeless , unhappy and has even lead to so many torn homes , he claims to love her but never show care, he claims to love her but have no time for her, he deceived her with the words â€Å"I LOVE YOU â€Å" only to make her suffer and unhappy, he betrayed her trust in his words, he made her wish she knew the devil inside him but no, she only saw his sweet coated words initially, now she knows that its not what we say that shows who we really are, but rather what we do. Daddy tells me a thousands time I love you but has always been busy in is office and has no time to spend with me, no time to share problems together, no time to tell me stories and teach me about moral values. Would you prefer a thousand words to a good deed? I would rather stick to a good deed rather than a thousand words. Let me remind you of the fact that winners have program but losers have excuse, why should one preach what one can not do, doing something well is more powerful and effective than saying it well, all talk no action makes someone a boastful idiot that tries to build the skyscraper with his or her mouth.

The Friendly Correspondence

A horrible series of events took place about a day after Belinda wrote her last letter to Krysta. On the afternoon of the 22nd of December she sat in her living room reading one of Krysta’s recent letters in which she said that she had received her present and had told the authorities to not to give it to her until Christmas. Belinda’s parents had gone out shopping when suddenly the door opened and her brother Ron ran into the room. His face was all red with anger, he was holding some papers in his hand which had been ripped into many pieces. Belinda was so used to her brother’s tantrums that she did not stir from where she was sitting. But as her brother walked by she looked discreetly at the torn papers and saw the words â€Å"failed† and â€Å"Year 12†. She then understood the cause of her brother’s anger and what made him so wild and furious. Ron stopped at once and saw Belinda reading her letter. He asked her where mum and dad were. She didn’t reply. He stomped like a bull who had seen red, suddenly snatching Belinda’s letter out of her hands. He read it quickly and saw a paragraph addressed to Isobel in which it was asked that Ron be taken care of. He stuffed the letter into his pocket in spite of Belinda’s constant groaning to return it. That was the beginning of a quarrel to which Belinda contributed by adding her provoking spiteful remarks and insulting Ron for having failed to graduate. The brother and sister began throwing things at each other, at first paper weights and then dangerous objects such as sharp knives. In her fury Belinda threw a knife at Ron and unfortunately did not miss his hand from which blood started gashing out. Ron went off to his room not paying any attention to his sister who by that time had realised the seriousness of the situation, had stopped fighting. She then started to apologise while looking for a bandage to put and his hand. After having written one page or two of sentences that somehow made sense, Krysta decided to stop wielding her pen for a moment and take a short break. She sat back in her armchair and relaxed, or some minutes she lost in her thoughts, thoughts about life, thoughts of love, happy thoughts, sad ones and thoughts about Gary. Ooh Gary! Her heart stopped beating for a moment at the very thought of it. She remembered herself as a teenager shut in her heart wailing every moment in the depths of her heart for freedom†¦ She recalled how she had come there and how she spent each day of her life thinking it was her last one and that she would not get out of there alive. She shuddered as she thought of the cruel faces of her authorities or the ‘hacks’ as they were often called, of the stale food they gave with malicious faces, the way they eagerly roamed around like hungry dogs putting somebody’s name in their Punishment Sheets. She thought of her friends at Gary. Were they real â€Å"friends†? She thought of Linda McAllam and some other girls who let her down. But then she remembered Macy and girls who were nice to her at some of the times, her sweet voice, which often made her and others, weep or feel lonely, were still in her ears. Everything was clear and vivid in her memory as if it had taken place yesterday and not twenty years ago. On her table shone the paperback cover of a book titled ‘My life at Gary† with the words Krysta Bonbons in bold letters below it and the words BEST SELLER on its side, despite of all her horror of Gary she felt she owed it something. She felt pretty sure she wouldn’t have become a writer if she hadn’t been at Gary and had never met her so-called â€Å"friends†. Where could they all be now? What could they be doing? Directing great companies, catching burglars, smiling at children with books in their hands and blackboards behind them†¦who knows? Were they still alive? She felt her eyes pricking as she remembered Belinda, her pen-pal whom she’d never met in person, who wrote her consoling letters -and also rang her sometimes- during almost the whole of her second year at Gary. She had died that same year a few days before Christmas killed by her violent brother. She looked at her watch, it was 2. 30pm. She hurried so as not to break a routine, which had become a part of her life. At about 3’clock she got off the Vaudeville tram and ran to the cemetery behind St. Michael’s church. She stood still before Belinda’s grave who was no relative of hers but with whom she had a relation stronger than with anyone else. From her purse she took out a letter Belinda had written to her and read it all over again with tears rolling down her cheeks. Thank you, Belinda! â€Å"she said in a feeble voice, â€Å"Thank You for loving me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . She entered the church, said a small prayer and left, a habit she never had before visiting Belinda’s grave for the first time. It was as if Belinda had become an angel and was strengthening her belief in God praying for her everyday. Her next destination was the nearest newspaper office where she ga ve a note with all her brother Simon’s to be published in the classifieds She had put the same ad in the same paper for the past five years. Not that she thought it would do much good but one never knew†¦Krysta was pretty sure that if one day a man younger than her walked towards her calling her â€Å"sister†, she would be very happy and once again would have somebody to love unconditionally just as Belinda loved her. On arriving back home, Krysta threw the pages she had written some hours before into the dustbin and started writing on a new page. Somehow she felt confident the book she was writing would be really good. It would be called â€Å"My Friend whom I’ve Never Seen†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Research Paper on Victoian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper on Victoian - Essay Example The most conspicuous champion of new morality which became lively during the Victorian age was Tennyson (Glenn Everett "Tennyson and Victorianism" victorianweb.org). He started writing poems from very early age onwards. He got Chancellor's medal at Cambridge for his 'Timbuctoo'. 'The Lady of Shalott', 'Oenone', 'The Lotos-Eaters', etc. were the poems he wrote initially. In 1842 he completed the notable poems like 'Mort d' Arthur', 'Ulysses' and 'Locksley Hall'. These were followed by longer poems. 'The Princess' is a seriocomic poem that deals with the theme of the new woman wanting to shun male society and ending with a happy marriage. In 1850 appeared the important poem 'In Memoriam' which is a series of short poems on Tennyson's meditations on the death of his close friend. It contains many reflections on life and death which show the influence of the new theories of the day. It is considered to be one among the better works of Tennyson. Robert Browning (1812-1889) is a philosophical poet (Glenn Everett "Robert Browning-Biography" victorianweb.org). He contributed 'dramatic monologue' - a new form of poet, to English literature. These are poems written as an individual's words to others. The listeners don't speak but their mood and reactions are being explained by the speaker of the monologue. Thus it gets a dramatic form. Browning's monologues are of two types. In the first group he tells 'a soul's history in the episode of an hour'. In the second group he turns from the probing into the depths of human nature to assert in ringing terms the doctrines of the nobler life. The first group is far ahead in dramatization. Second are more direct expressions of his robust philosophy of life. Browning has written quite a few love poems. The best among them is 'One word more' which is addressed to his wife. Matthew Arnold's poems may be divided into two groups: narrative and lyrical. He wrote narrative poems taking Greek and Roman epic poems as models. His poetry is not sufficiently spontaneous. His is the poetry of reflection and there is the predominance of the intellectual element in it. There are several descriptions of flowers in his poems. Arthur Hugh Clough is remembered mainly for the poem 'Say not the struggle naught availeth'. Pre-Raphaelitism was an artistic movement of resisting the existing conventions in art and literature through a going back to the art forms in European art before the time of Raphael. D.G.Rossetti is one of the leaders of Pre-Raphaelitism in literature. His most important poem is 'The Blessed Damozel'. Christina Georgina Rossetti, D.G.Rossetti's younger sister also was a poet. Her works include 'Goblin market and other poems' and 'Verses and new poems'. William Morris who wrote so many poems kept enough resemblance to the poems of Rossetti. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Edwin Arnol, Francis Thompson, Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, R.L.Stevenson, Oscar Wilde, etc. are the other famous names of the time in poetry ("Victorian poetry" victorian.fortunecity.com). Drama Tennyson, Browning and Matthew Arnold were the important poet dramatists of Victorian era. There were a few writers of plays in prose ("THE VICTORIAN ERA - Nonfiction, Poetry, The Victorian Novel, 19th-Century Drama" referatele.com). Thomas William Robertson penned enough number of plays which introduced a new more natural type of comedy to English stage. 'Castle' is

History and traditions of Rosh Hashana and multiculturalism in canada Essay

History and traditions of Rosh Hashana and multiculturalism in canada - Essay Example For example, there are the Aboriginal people of Canadian who have their own culture. They are known to have many cultural and religious beliefs. Some of those beliefs and practices are known to affect their health. The Aboriginal families are known to do traditional healing ceremonies called â€Å"sweet grass healing ceremonies† and they use a lot of smoke (Craig, 2003). This smoke and the healing practice pose a great danger to the health of these families. Judaism is one of the oldest religions unlike the other religions. The others are Christianity, Muslim and Hinduism. It has set of beliefs that help human beings explain their origin, that of the earth, heaven and natural phenomena. This religion has many followers. The followers of Judaism are called Jews. These followers are scattered around the earth. Their followers believe in one God who is a supreme being and a creator of heaven and earth (Avalos, 2005). This religion has also a place of origin. Judaism originated from Israel just like Christianity. Judaism originated when God began a holy covenant with Abraham. It’s the oldest religion. There is a sacred building where God is prayed and worshipped. The sacred building for Judaism is synagogue. The Jews have a holy book and it is called Torah. All the followers try to comply with the laws and rules written in these books. Abraham preached the message of love, equality and good virtues. All the followers of religions share a common belief. They believe that there is life after death (Craig, 2003). This is the same case with Jews who believes that they will resurrect after they die. Jews believe in Abraham and Moses as the prophets of God. The holy place for Jews is Jerusalem. This is the place considered to be the origin of Jews. There are different festivals cerebrated by Jews. The major festivals for jewish are Pesach (Passover) and Rosh Hashanah. Jews have a different way of praying and fasting. They can pray any time of the day and